Foundational support should be constructed within the range of allowable axial capacities which can withstand resistance to lateral loads (Dueno 3). Roads and walkway areas should be built with flexible pavement subgrade with unique specifications for compaction and stabilization. Excavations of near-surface materials will not hold vertical structures for prolonged periods of time as sand layers become loose and begin to collapse due to exposure to elements. This impacts the construction of foundations, roadways, utilities, and miscellaneous structures. The composition can affect soil strength and degradation that must be considered as a factor of safety during construction. The soil composition of Miami-Dade County, consisting of limestone and quartz, plays a role in urban development. These elements make up only a small portion of a limestone composition and are created by cross-bedding, water flow that buries organisms into the sediment in a process known as bioturbation (“Overview of South Florida Geology”). Meanwhile, Bryozoan facies are encrusted organisms often seen in marine environments. These elements are spherical in shape and have concrete layers around a quartz grain nucleus. The Oolitic facies is a type of limestone that consists of small grains compounded together, also known as grainstone. It has two distinctive facies which are representative of various depositional conditions. The layer of limestone underneath Miami-Dade County is known as the Miami Oolite Formation. Limestone found in the Miami area has a unique characteristic of being covered with a dense red crust called caliche, with the color being a sign of rich iron composition. Many of the sediments seen in Florida’s geological profile, such as quartz sand and heavy minerals, were carried by water sources from the Appalachian Mountains and coastal plains (Allen and Main). As a result of millennia of geological changes, unique subsurface features such as sinkholes and vertical shafts begin to create an underground drainage system and caves. Erosion creates karst development which leads to the formation of limestone rocks. Southern Florida, along with the Miami area, formed its physiographic and topographic features as a combination of depositional and erosional processes. During variations of sea levels over epochs, calcium carbonate remains began to form a sedimentary limestone bedrock layer. Underneath the water, Florida acted as a shelf for marine lifeforms. The state’s topography and surficial sediments formed during levels of high sea levels as current eroded formations and shaped the landform. Sea levels have played a critical role in the formation of Florida’s geological profile. Learn more Geological Context and Features
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